A hole bigger than New Brunswick has opened up in Antarctic ice pack

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A massive hole about the size of Lake Superior has opened up in Antarctica's ice pack and scientists are trying to figure out what's behind the phenomenon.

"You could imagine you're in the middle of the Antarctic winter and essentially there's sea ice as far as you can seeand then, suddenly, if you're walking along, you comeacrossthis huge expanse of open water," Kent Moore, an atmospheric physicist at the University of Toronto Mississauga, told As It Happens host Carol Off.

The sea ice hole, known in the scientific community by the Russian termpolynya, measured80,000 square kilometresat its peak a little bigger than New Brunswick and a little smaller than the island of Newfoundland.

Scientists first spotted it via satellite in the early '70s, when it opened up for three consecutivewinters. Then it disappeared for 40 years, Moore said, only to reappear for three weeks in 2016.

"To our great surprise, it came back this year even larger than last year," Moore said.

It's been open for four months so far in 2017"and my guess is it willstay open for the rest of winter," Moore added.

Something's going on, but we just don't have enough datayet to really pin it down.-Kent Moore, University of Toronto Mississauga

Despite its long and mysterious history, nobody's ever seen the massive polynya up close because it's in such a remote region of Antarctica'sWeddell Sea.

"This one is deep in the ice pack. It's a couple of hundred kilometres away from the coast," Mooresaid.

That's part of what makes it so scientifically fascinating, he said. While polynyas are not uncommon in the Arctic and Antarctica, they usually only form near the coast.

The going theory, Moore said, is that ocean currents are lifting warmer waters from the ocean's depths up to the surface, where it's melting the ice.

He said the Weddell Sea polynyawould be likean "oasis in the desert" for marine mammals such as orcas and seals, so it's probably teeming with life.

"I'm surethe wildlife know about it and are using it," he said.

Scientists have no idea why it's opennow after being closed forfour decades or why it's bigger and longer-lasting than ever before.

Melting sea ice is often attributed to climate change,but Moore said scientists draw those conclusions based on decades worth of data.

"So two of these events happening two years in a row really isn't a long enough kind of trendfor us to say it's the result of global warming," he said.

"But there is something which has happened down there, which has allowed this opening to occur two years in a row. So something's going on, but we just don't have enough datayet to really pin it down."

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The good news is the satellites are much more powerful than they were in the '70s, so scientists should be able to collect much more data this time around.

And they plan to study the region for years to come.

"We expect to see changes in the ocean, but it may take several years to see exactly how large those changes are and what impact they would have."