Volkswagen emissions rigging echoes similar scandals at GM, Toyota, Honda

Volkswagen is the latest automaker in the hot seat,amid revelations the Germancompany rigged emissions tests in more than 500,000 of its diesel-powered vehicles.

The auto industry has been under scrutinyfrom U.S. regulators in recent years,afterhigh-profile manufacturers, including General Motors, Toyota and Honda, concealedsafety flaws in their vehicles that led to dangerous and sometimesdeadly results.

• VW emissions-rigging scandal widens
• Volkswagen Canada halts some sales as emissions rigging scandal deepens
• Canadian autorecalls hit all-time high in 2014
• GM agrees to pay $900M US to settle ignition switch probe

In the U.S., fines for auto infractions spiked this year as has attention frominvestors.

The market reacted swiftly Monday to Volkswagen, withshares plummeting by more than 17 per cent or $19 billion Cdn. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)also announced the automakercould face fines of up to $18 billion US.

Following are some of the most expensive and deadly mistakes in auto industry history:

1. General Motors ignition switch

It took General Motors more than 10 years to issue a recall for 2.6 million cars carrying an ignition switch now blamed for at least 124 deaths and 275 injuries.

The firm admitted in September that it failed to disclose its small-car ignition switch could turnthe car off while being driven,lock thesteeringwheel and also fail to set off airbags in a crash. There are internal reports about the problem dating back to 2002in the Saturn Ion, Reuters reported.

• WATCH: The Fifth Estate doc GM's 'switch from hell'

The deception cost the company more than $1 billion US and 15 people their jobs.

The firm reached a $900-million settlement with the U.S. government to avoid criminal charges. That figureis on top of $625 million that GM set aside as compensation for those injured or killed by the flawed ignition switch.Families of those who died will get at least $1 million.

2.Hyundai-Kiafuel efficiency settlement

Hyundaiand its affiliate, Kia, found themselves in a similar situation to Volkswagen after an audit by the U.S. EPA in 2012 uncovered that some of its cars were not as fuel efficient as the firms claimed them to be.

The2012 and 2013 Hyundai Accent, Elantra, Veloster and Santa Fe, andthe Kia Rio and Soul overstated their fuel efficiency by between one and 2.5 kilometres per litre, according to the Wall Street Journal.

• Hyundai, Kia fuel-efficiency class-action settlements total $70M

The company called it an "honest mistake", but the regulator disagreed, handing ita $100-millionfineand ordering it to return $200-millionin greenhouse gas emission credits, Forbes reported. That marked the largest-ever fine under the United States Clean Air Act.

Canadian affiliates of the carmaker also reached civil settlements of $70 million with customers here, while itcost the firm's Americanarm $400-million US to settle a class-action lawsuit.

3. Toyota's 'sticky' gas pedals

Toyota's sterlingsafety reputation took a hit in 2009 when the company issued a recall after reports surfaced that certain vehicles would accelerate without warning.

Japan's largest automakerfirstblamed the problem on floor mats jammingthe gas pedals; by 2011, more than 12 deaths werelinked to the problem. The firm ended up recalling10 million cars andredesigning the accelerator.

Toyota reached a $1.2-billion settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice in March 2014 after a four-yearcriminal investigation found the firm concealed the flaws when first discovered.

"Rather than promptly disclosing and correcting safety issues ... Toyota made misleading public statements to consumers and gave inaccurate facts to members of Congress," U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder said in March 2014.

The firm's market share dipped after the initial recalls, but Toyota returned asthe world's top-selling automakerin 2013.

4. Fiat Chrysler'sbotched safety recalls

The U.S. Department of Transportation strengthenedits finesagainst car manufacturers in 2015 afterheavycriticism for its handling of the GM ignition switch failure.

The government finedFiat Chrysler $105millionon July 26, edging out the record-setting$70-million penalty against Honda in January, after an investigation found the Italian-American automakerbotched23safety recalls that would have affected 11 million vehicles.

• Fiat Chryslerrecalling 1.4 millioncars after Jeep hack, but not in Canada

As part of the deal, Fiat Chrysleralso agreed to buy back or repair 500,000 of its top-selling model, the Ram pickup. Some of the truck's steering parts were found to be defective, leading todrivers losingcontrol of the vehicle.

The firm was also ordered to compensate more than 1.5million Jeep owners after investigators found that certain older models had their gas tanks directly behind the rear axle. That meant the tanks could be compromised and start leaking gas if the driver got hit from behind.

5. Takata airbags spew metal

More than 35 million vehicles got caught up in a massive recall of flawedairbags made by Japanese auto-parts manufacturerTakata.At least seven deaths were linked to the faulty airbags, which could explode too quickly, shooting shrapnel toward the driver and passengers.

More than 1.5 million of the recallswere in Canada, according to a CBC News analysis, with Honda, Mazda, Toyota, BMW, Nissan and Ford among the affected companies.

Transport Canada said it was not aware of any complaints from Canadians injured by the faulty airbags, according to the department's website.

The U.S. Department of Transportation hit Honda with a $70-million fine in January 2015, charging that thecompany failed to report more than 1,700 death and injury claims that occurred between 2003 and 2014. Takata airbag problems were linked to severalof thoseclaims.