2 a.m. is most likely time to be killed in Winnipeg, but police will likely find the culprit, data shows

It can be difficult to talk about Winnipeg's identity without also addressing its history of crime.

Over the years, statistics have repeatedly ranked the city among the most violent, especially when it comes to homicides. And over those same years, law enforcement and community groups have approached the problems in different ways, all with varying degrees of success or failure.

In order to understand how the circumstances and the debate surrounding homicides in Winnipeg haveevolved over the years, CBC News created a database containing details on every homicide since 2003.

Supported by additional records from Statistics Canada, we paint a picture going back to the early 1980s.

Experts, advocates and retired police chiefs were invited to weigh in on the key drivers behind the violence that has cost the lives of nearly 900 Winnipeggers.

1980s: Knives and alcohol

Throughout the 1980s, a time when Winnipeg's population was still well shy of 600,000, there were just under 20 homicides a year on average.

However, in 1987, there was a sudden spike when 30 people were killed in an especially bloody year characterized by several knife attacks.

A headline in the Winnipeg Free Press at the time read "Winnipeg is city of long knives" a reference to the violent purge of opponents of Adolph Hitler in 1934 Nazi Germany.

Then police ChiefHerb Stephen had been very vocal about his desire for the provincial government to enact strict knife laws. He also insisted the province amend the Liquor Control Act (now called the the Liquor, Gaming and Cannabis Control Act) to prohibit knives of any kind in drinking establishments.

"Sure they'll get into fights. The anger will still be there. But if they can't reach for a knife, they'll do a lot less harm with their fists," Chief Stephen told the Winnipeg Free Press at the time.

In the end, aknife ban was never approved. Over the years, stabbingshave continued to be the most common way people are killed in the city. In fact, over the past two decades, 36 per cent of homicides in Winnipeg were due to fatal knife attacks.

At the time, police said alcohol played a role in many of the killings. Chief Stephen's intuition regarding the links between drinking establishments and violence was likely quite accurate.

Exact details on homicides from that era aren't readily available, but a review of the last 485 homicides shows that 2 a.m. is by far the most common hour of the day for homicides to occur; it's also when bars close and patrons spill onto the streets.

1990s: Tumbling crime rates, street gangs

Decades of rising crime rates in Canada peaked in the early 1990s. That was followed by a sharp and sustained drop in crime across the country.

However, at the same time, Winnipeg police began encountering an alarming trend in organized street gangs.

"When I became the chief, you know, the street gang issues started to emerge. It had been emerging for some time," said Jack Ewatski, who was Winnipeg's chief of police from 1998 to 2007.

"We certainly saw a growth of street gangs in the city as well as the growth of outlaw motorcycle gangs and the activities associated with them."

Ewatski said along with gangs came an increase in firearm use, which escalated the severity of violence. However, he cautions people from using the most extreme events homicides as a benchmark for safety in the city.

"[Homicides] are often the symptom of another problem, another issue," saidEwatski.

Frank Cormier, a criminology professor at the University of Manitoba, agrees with the former chief.

"So with the spike in methamphetamine use we're currently seeing in Winnipeg, we would certainly expect to see more break and enters, more property crimes and also possibly more in-person robbery with homicides," he said.

"I have yet in my lifetime, my career as a criminologist, to see a true pattern in the fluctuation of homicides anywhere in Canada and certainly in Winnipeg, because there's a very complex chain of events that needs to occur for a homicide to be the end result."

When one looks at the trends for common crime indicators, it is clear that homicides don't appear to follow any specific pattern.

2000s: New high death toll, guns

About halfway through Ewatski's mandate as police chief, in 2004, homicide levels hit another all-time high: 34 deaths.

It was also a time when the city was faced with an unprecedented number of auto thefts, with about 17,000 stolen vehicles, before a provincewide immobilizer program was instituted.

Members of the legislative assembly debated the issue on Broadway as well, including Progressive Conservative justice critic Gerald Hawranik.

"Crime has blossomed under this [NDP] government. There have been unprecedented levels of crime and that requires unprecedented levels of policing," he saidduring question period in December 2004 following the 33rd homicide of the year.

In response to mounting pressure for more police resources, then Justice Minister Gord Mackintosh announced funding for 40 additional police officers across the province.

Strangely, this record year began after the longest homicide-free period over the past two decades. On average, since 2003, there has been a homicide incident every 14 days in Winnipeg. However, when the first murder occurred in 2004, police investigators had benefited from a 122-day reprieve.

Winnipeg police have historically solved homicides at an exceptionally high rate when compared to other major forces countrywide.

During the 2004 record year, Winnipeg homicide detectives solved every single case.

Since 2003 (and excluding 2019 homicides, which are mostly still active files),Winnipeg police have laid charges in 92 per cent of homicides.

In other major cities, clearance rates for homicides routinely hover below 70 per cent. For example, in 2018, Montreal police solved only 45 per cent of cases, while Calgary's solve rate was 65 per cent.

Part of this high clearance rate can likely be explained by the fact that clearance rates are significantly higher for cases involving Indigenous victims, according to Statistics Canada.

In Winnipeg, where one of the largest urban Indigenous populations reside, homicidevictims are disproportionately First Nations or Mtis: sevenout of every 10 homicide victims, despite representing only 12 per cent of the city's population, according to the latest census.

Ewatski believesthe success of Winnipeg's homicide investigators is not only due to external factors, but also a historical commitment by the department to invest resources into this unit.

"I think it does speak to the ability of the officers and the support system they have in place to be able to have such a high clearance rate," he said.

2010s: biker gangs, colonialism

The early 2010s were marked by violent turf wars in the streets of Winnipeg between rival outlaw motorcycle gangs: the newly resurrected Rock Machine and the Hells Angels.

Businesses were firebombed and gun-related calls were on the rise, but these issues had been on the law enforcement radar for some time already.

This period also coincidedwith a significant rise in the militarization of the Winnipeg Police Service.

In 2008, a full-timededicated SWAT team was established. Three years later,Air1, the first police helicopter, took to the skies. In 2015, the department purchased an armoured vehicle,and in 2016 it was announced that a number of general patrols would be equipped with semi-automatic carbine rifles.

A new level of violence was set in 2011, when 41 people were killed in the city, including a single incident in which a woman set a rooming house on fire, killing five people.

At the time, Devon Clunis was one year into his new job at the helm of the Winnipeg police. He saidthe prevalence of gun crimes would have been unheard of back when he was a constable.

"We would go months on end. It would be an anomaly when a crime was committed in the city where a firearm was involved," Clunis said.

"I can honestly tell you the one time in my career where I had an individual with a loaded gun, he dropped it and he ran. That would not be the case today."

A review of the homicide locationsdating back to 2003shows that investigatorsspend most of their time concentrated in a few select areas. The downtown district, which represents only three per cent of Winnipeg's policing territory, is where 40 per cent of homicides have occurred.

The concentration of violence in the inner city isn't surprising, as this coincides with where the majority of the city's most marginalized and victimized residents live.

The year 2014 was a watershed moment, as much of the focus on violence and systemic issues plaguing Indigenous communities came to the fore with the discovery of Tina Fontaine's body in the Red River.

This shocking event helped elevate missing and murdered Indigenous women as a federal election issue in 2015.

"I think the greater public finally started to feel the same feelings that many Indigenous women and girls affected by MMIW felt all those years," saidSheila North, former Manitoba Keewatinowi Okimakanak grand chiefand Indigenous advocate.

"It raised a level of consciousness that this actually happened. It was good for the community and the city to see it and feel it, because they needed to," she said.

Youth and trauma

In terms of sheer numbers, by far the most common victim demographic in the city is young Indigenous men, who make up more than 50 per cent of all homicide victims since 2014, the earliest year for which racial breakdowns are available in official crime figures.

Overall, those who commit homicidesare overwhelmingly men under 30.

North saida legacy of residential schools and an over-representation of Indigenous children in Child and Family Services havecaused many young men to grow up in trauma-based households gripped by poverty and addiction.

"You are raised like that and then you go into survival mode. You start taking things that you need because you don't have any other way to take it and then it escalates. We have a mass amount of peoplein that situation," she said.

Pressure from advocates eventuallyled to efforts such as a WPS-RCMP joint task force called Project Devote launched in 2011, and an unprecedented week-long search for Tanya Nepinak's remains in the Brady landfill in 2012.

The search for Tina's killer was among the Winnipeg police's most expansive investigations ever, leading to a second-degree murder charge against Raymond Cormier. He was ultimately found not guilty by a jury in 2018. Police have closed the case.

Setting a new record

With the city currently in the throes of a meth (and previously fentanyl) epidemic fuelled by the drug trade, the homicide numbers reached yet another all-time high with 44 killings this year.

Clunis, who was a strong proponent of community policing strategies, said he is reluctant to blame the violence on any one issue.

"To some extent, I think we take the power out of our own hands when we say it's something else that's driving it," he said.

"We're not just here to police the community, but we're here to be part of the community. So for me, it's about us spending more meaningful time engaging with the citizens at all levels," said Clunis.

In the wake of all this, a North End patrol group known as the Bear Clan was resurrected by community members after having gone dormant in the 1990s.

With more than 1,500 volunteers, the Bear Clan has become a positive force in the city with its presence in marginalized communities, providing safety and support in areas often most hit by violence.

Erin Mondor is a security guard for the Bear Clan office and participates in patrols. He has had close calls.

"I was just buying a canned drink and I guess the guy came in behind me and had an axe and the vendor guy pulled me in I didn't see that. He called 911 and the SWAT team came," he said.

Mondor saidthe patrols now routinely come across illicit items, such as used syringes and makeshift weapons, as they try to clean up the streets.

As 2019 comes to a close with a record number of fatal shootings, officials hope that recent funding injections into what are called "guns andgangs" initiativesand tighter controls at the U.S. borderwill help curb the flow of illegal guns.

There is also recognition by all parties going into 2020, including law enforcement, that ultimately more policing alone won't get at the root cause of the problem.