What are the safety protocols for guns on movie sets?

Cinematographer Halyna Hutchinsdied Thursday after a prop firearm that actor Alec Baldwin was holding discharged on the New Mexico set of Rust.

Director Joel Souza was also hit and injured but has since been released from the hospital.

While many things still aren't known police are investigating The Associated Press looks at the use of firearms on film and television productions and the safety protocols in place.

What is a 'prop firearm?'

It's a loose definition and could apply to anything from a rubber toy to a real firearm that can fire a projectile. However, if it's used for firing even just blanksit's considered a real gun. Chris Burbank, a former police chief in Salt Lake City who has consulted on several TV productions, said firearms for simulations during police trainings or film productions are often made so that they can only be loaded with blanks.

What are blanks and can they kill?

A blank is a type of gun cartridge that contains gunpowder but no bullet. Still, it can seriously hurt or kill someone who is close by, according to the Actors' Equity Association. In a 2019 piece for American Cinematographer, film firearms-safety co-ordinator Dave Brown wrote:"Blanks expel gunpowder and hot gases out of the front of the barrel in a cone shape. This is harmless at longer ranges, but the explosion can seriously injure someone if it's too close."

In this instance, were blanks fired?

We don't know. The Santa Fe County Sheriff's Office is investigating what "type of projectile was discharged."

Who is responsible for the weapons on set?

Generally, a weapons master or armourer oversees all weapons that are used on a production. This can mean anything from selecting the correct items for a certain period in history, to taking care of the weapons on set and making sure they are being used safely and properly by actors and stuntpeople. It's a fairly new position in the history of film production, going back only to the 1980s. Before that, the prop master handled everything. Recently, it's become more common to enlist specialists.

WATCH | Prop weapons protocol on film sets extremely tight, says Canadian specialist:

Prop weapons protocol on film sets extremely tight, says Canadian specialist

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There are very strict laws around handling prop weapons during a film shoot and even blank ammunition is loaded in front of the crew, says Seth Rossman, a Toronto armaments specialist for film and TV productions. (Adria Malcolm/Reuters)

What are the rules for firearms on set?

The weapons master is required to be on set whenever a weapon is being used. The Actors' Equity Association's guidelines state that, "Before each use, make sure the gun has been test-fired offstage, and then ask to test fire it yourself. Watch the prop master check the cylinders and barrel to be sure no foreign object or dummy bullet has become lodged inside." Further, "All loading of firearms must be done by the property master, armourer or experienced persons working under their direct supervision."

"Nowadays, all weapons are checked before your blanks are put into the weapon.The blanks themselves are never loaded until the very last minute, when all crew is in position, so the armourer knows exactly where every member of the crew is so that no one's walking through any danger areas the armourer has set up," saidarmoury co-ordinator Sam Dormer.

How does one become a weapons master?

According to Backstage magazine, there's no formal path but it is common to have internships and apprenticeships or a background in stunt work, the military, police or security. Weapons masters are required to abide by state and federal laws and hold proper operating permits.

Why would the gun have been pointing at the cinematographer?

We don't know what happened on the set of Rust,but it is fairly common to have a gun pointed at the camera, and by extension the cinematographer, to get a certain angle.

"We've all seen the very famous shots in films where you get that dramatic effect of a gun being pointed at you, the audience, and of course, it's being pointed towardthe camera," explained Steven Hall, a veteran second unit director and cinematographer who has worked on films like Furyand Thor: The Dark World.

"To minimize that, one would put a remote camera in that place, or at least, if someone does have to operate the camera, I'm normally protected by safety goggles, a safety visor and often a PERSPEX screen that withstands pretty much anything. Obviously, it wouldn't withstand a real shot from a gun, but it would certainly withstand a blank."

Given the many regulations, how could something like this happen?

While the specific circumstances of the Rustshooting are still unknown, professionals in the business say that sometimes the crew and production are encouraged to "speed things up" for any number of reasons, which can sometimes lead to "relaxed" safety protocols.

Does it make it more complicated when it's a period piece?

Rustis set in the 1880s andaccording to Hall, when period weapons are used, "you have to use actual historic period weapons and to check the safety of those weapons. I have known live rounds to be fired out of revolvers, certainly, to make sure that they do function in a way that when you put a blank in, it isn't going to blow up or explode in the actor's hands."

Why do productions even use real gunfire when special effects are available?

It is becoming more common to add in gunfire in post-production when working on the visual effects. But visual effects can be expensive and it can be easierand cheaperto use props. Also, Dormer says that there can be advantages to using props and blanks, like getting an authentic reaction from an actor.

How is Hollywood responding?

There has been an outpouring of dismay and anger from all levels of the industry that something like this could have happened. Director James Gunn tweeted that his greatest fear is that "someone will be fatally hurt on one of my sets." Alex Winter tweeted that, "Crew should never be unsafe on set and when they are, there is always a clearly definable reason why."