Frances Oldham Kelsey, Canadian doctor and thalidomide 'hero,' dies at 101

Frances Oldham Kelsey, the Canadian doctor whose vocal opposition tothe anti-nausea drug thalidomide helped keepit out of the United States, has died at age 101.

Kelsey, who was born on Vancouver Island,diedearly today with her daughter, Christine Kelsey, by herside.The twohad been living in London, Ont.

Thalidomide wasprescribed to pregnantwomen in the 1960s beforeit was discovered that itcaused serious birthdefectssuch as missing limbs,internal organ damage, deafness and blindness.

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Kelsey was a reviewer for the U.S. Food and Drug Administration who raised serious concerns about the safety of the drug.

OntarioLt.-Gov.ElizabethDowdeswellhad travelled to Londonon Thursday afternoon to present Kelsey with the Order of Canada, which was bestowed on her in the spring.

Dowdeswell suspects that because Kelsey lived in the U.S. for much of her life, it took longer for her to be honoured in Canada.

"She only came back last November, I believe, so that may have played a part in it," Dowdeswell said. "But the point is that the country did recognize her."

Dowdeswell said it was a privilegeto presentKelsey with the medal.

"We knew that death was imminent, and I sat beside her bed, held her hand, told her why I was there and why it was so important that we have the opportunity to recognize her, and took the medal and had an opportunity to put it in her hands,"Dowdeswell said.

"She immediately woke up and she was clearly aware that I was there. She didn't speak but she tried to speak and she got animated immediately. It was just such an honour. This was a person who dedicated her life to public service and for me to be able to say words of thanks, words of gratitude, it was so important to her family."

DaughterChristine Kelsey was at the bedside when her motherreceived the medal.

"Her family upbringing gave her the strength of her own convictions and her education gave her the understanding of the importance of careful research," Kelsey said from London, Ont.

Instrumental in licensing protocols

Throughout her career, Kelsey helped to improvepharmaceutical oversight procedures in the U.S., Gov.Gen.David Johnston'soffice said Thursday.

Thalidomide, firstsynthesized in West Germany byChemie Gruenenthal, wasmarketed from 1957 in West Germany and under different names untilthe early1960s. Itwas used toalleviate morning sickness in pregnant women around the world, including in Canada.

The drug waswithdrawn from the West German and U.K.markets by December 1961, butremainedavailable for use in pregnancy in Canada until March 2, 1962, according to theThalidomideVictims Association of Canada.

Kelsey's refusal to agree with approval of the drug for use in the U.S. savedthousands ofchildren from serious birth defects,and led to newsafetystandards for prescription drugs, a statement from the Governor General said. Only17 children were born in the U.S. with thalidomide problems.

"Overthe next four decades, she remained an instrumental figurein shaping and enforcing drug licensing protocols," it said.

In the early 1960s,CBC's Knowlton Nash talked to Kelsey about the pressure she faced from U.S.-based drug companyWilliam S. Merrellto approve it.

"Usually the companies are eager to get it on," Kelsey replied. "It's just a matter of when the pressure becomes excessive, our judgment may be interfered with."

'She was a hero'

Kelseywas hailed as a hero in the U.S. and given the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service by John F. Kennedy.

But the drug's dark legacycontinues in her home country:In May, the federal government announced Canada's nearly 100thalidomide survivors will be each providedpensions of up to $100,000 a year for the rest of their lives. Theaging survivors are seeking help to cope with theirday-to-day needs.

Kelsey demonstrated how oneperson can change the world, saidAlvin Law, a thalidomide survivor, currently in Crystal Lake, Sask.

"She was a hero. She was just simply that. She was a guiding angel. She was an amazing human being," Law said.

"She stood up to a lot of people and made us as a group have more relevance. We weren't mistakes, we were human beings."

ThroughKelsey's actions, not only did regulation of thepharmaceutical industry change, but she changed our mindsets about women taking drugs during pregnancy, he said.