Child's 1st flu could set lifelong risk, including risk of bird flu, study finds

The first strain of flu you were exposed to as a child may determine your level of risk in the event of a deadly pandemic of animal-origin influenza, new research suggests.

The study, published in the journal Science, indicates that a person's susceptibility to bird flu depends largely on year of birth.

The findings could have major implications for how we understand all strains of influenza and protect ourselves from futureoutbreaks.

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Scientists at the University of California, Los Angeles,and the University of Arizona looked at all known human cases of two types of avian influenza H5N1 and H7N9 for a total of 1,400 cases.

They were trying to figure out whyH5N1 tends to affect children, whileH7N9mostly strikes older adults.

Both strains are passed animal to human, buthave shown a limited ability to spread between people, raising concerns they could one day adapt and trigger a pandemic.

The researchers learned that a person's risk of becoming verysick or dying from these bird flu strains depends, at least in part, on the type of flu virus they were most likely exposed to in youth.

The study's authors call it "childhood imprinting."

"Your immune system imprints on the first influenza infection you have in such a way that even when you encounter a completely new strain that your immune system has never seen beforeyears and years later, you still have such a hugelystrong reactionthat'sclinically relevant," co-authorMoniqueAmbrose, a UCLA graduate student,told CBC News.

The 'lollipop' effect

So why does this happen?

Each influenza virus is covered in tiny proteins calledhemagglutinin. When your body gets exposed, it produces antibodies to target those proteins.

Although there are many strains of influenza, theygenerally fallunder two main categories, depending on the type ofhemagglutinin present.

"The first influenza you get when you're a kid is either going to be in Group 1 or Group 2, and it turns out that your immune system imprints to that first influenza that you get," Ambrose said."Your immune system is actually able to recognize, remember and then target."

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In a University of Arizona press release, senior author Michael Worobey, head of the school'sDepartment of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, explains the process with a candy-coated analogy.

"Let's say you were first exposed to a human 'orange lollipop' flu as a kid," Worobey said. "If later in life you encounter another subtype of flu virus, one from a bird and one that your immune system has never seen before but whose proteins also are of a similar 'orange' flavour, your chances of dying are quite low because of cross-protection.

"But if you were first infectedwith a virus from the 'blue lollipop' group as a kid, that won't protect you against this novel, 'orange' strain."

People born before 1968 were likely first exposed to a blue lollipopvirus, H1 or H2, researchers say. When they got older, they were not likely to becomeill from H5N1 bird flu, according to the study, but manydied from the "orange"H7N9.

People born during and after 1968 had the opposite effect: Theywere exposed in youth to the orangeH3 and became more susceptible toH5N1, their research indictes.

The imprinting gave the patients a75 per centprotection rate against severe disease and 80 per centprotection rate against death, the study found.

Implications for fighting outbreaks

This discovery could have implications for how we would fend off an outbreak if an animal-origin influenza virus like the bird flu were ever to adapt and spread between people.

"If we have an idea of what strains have been circulating in the population and which strains people have imprinted to which we do we get an idea of which of those animal influenzas might pose the greatest risk to us," Ambrose said "So that could really affect our risk assessment for different influenza strains."

Also, in the case of a pandemic, it could help health authorities plan strategically in developing and distributing vaccines to target thevulnerable populations.

The next step is to look at whether childhood imprinting affects how our bodies fend off existinginfluenza strains.

"We don't know that yet, so that'll be really interesting to study," Ambrose said.