The philosophy and politics behind Canada's reluctance to meet NATO's spending target

There was an unscripted moment during a panel debate in Toronto last monththat could go a long way towardexplaining Canada's long-term reluctance to publicly and wholeheartedly embrace NATO's guideline for members' defence spending.

Appearing on a panelat the Eurasia's group's U.S.-Canada Summit, the typicallyunflappable Foreign Affairs Minister Mlanie Joly was askedpointedly how Ottawa could be considered a reliable ally when it appears unable or unwilling to meet the western military alliance's benchmark of spending at least two per cent of GDP on defence.

Offering up a dash of realpolitik, the moderator spoke about the enduring debate over the value ofhard (military) power versussoft (diplomatic, development) powerand said that at the end of the day,"hard power is what tends to shake out promises in the world" from other countries.

Joly was having none of it.

"That's your assessment," she said. "We believe in the international rules-based order where rules must be followed, and, you know, small and big countries have the same rules that they have to follow."

The suggestion that hard power is somehow an affront to the "international rules based order" that jargony mouthfulgovernments (especially Canada's) like to invoke speaksvolumes.

The philosophical argument against hard power is not somethingthat has been widely discussed in the often circulardebate about NATO's expectations of member states.

Without question, most governments regardless of their political stripe would prefer to spend moneyon something other than defence. But the fact remainsthat over the seven-and-a-half decades since NATO was created,NATO allies' defence spending has tended to risein times of heightened international tensions and fallin better times.

That'sthe way the much-discussed"rules-based international order" has worked up to now to keepthe world a few steps back from calamity.

Joly's answer also indirectly peels back the curtain (somewhat) on what several sources within Global Affairs Canada say was at the root of the delayed delivery of the country's long-awaited Indo-Pacific strategy.

The federal government was looking for a way any way to avoid making the Canadian military the county's calling card in a region where allies were clamouring for a more visible defence commitment, defence and foreign affairs sources told CBC News.

When it was released in late 2022, the Indo-Pacific strategy bowedawkwardly toward realpolitik with a significant military component, which included a boost to Canada's naval presence and military participation in the region.

But even when confronted with the brutal reality of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Canada'sgovernment tends to tiltaway from expressions of hard power.

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau told a think-tank in Berlin in March of 2022 that he believed Moscow's war machine could be brought to its knees solely through the use of sanctions as though soft power could somehow stop a Russian tank.

He told the non-profit association Atlantik-Brcke at the Munich Security Conference that since the Second World War, the international community had developed "more and better tools" to deal with international aggression a reference to economic sanctions, which Trudeausaid can be far more effective than "tanks and missiles."

Appearing last spring on a panel at the Canadian Global Affairs Institute, Defence Minister Bill Blair offereda broaderglimpse of how widespreadthis skepticismabout hard power is within the federal government. Hetold the audience that meeting the NATO spending benchmark has been a tough sell at the cabinet table.

"Trying to go to cabinet, or even to Canadians, and tell them that we had to do this because we need to meet this magical threshold of two per cent don't get me wrong, it's important, but it was really hard to convince people that that was a worthy goal, that that was some noble standard that we had to meet," he said.

WATCH: Blair says he's 'confident' Canada will meet its military spending targets

Defence minister 'confident' Canada will meet NATO targets with new spending

4 months ago

Duration 11:29

National Defence Minister Bill Blair tells Power & Politics Canada 'still has work to do' to meet NATO's 2 per cent spending target but he's 'confident' Ottawa will get there.

In Washington on Monday, speakingbefore a foreign policy audience in advance of this week's NATO summit, Blair was slightly more bullish. He repeated his claimthat uncosted, unannounced additional equipment purchases, such as an investment in new submarines, will push the country toward oroverthe two per cent mark.

"I think we have a very aggressive plan to move forward," Blair said. "I'm very confident that it's going to bring us to that threshold."

But by his own admission, Blair is going to face an uphill battle within cabinet and withvoters who see defence spending as wasteful.

Kerry Buck, Canada's former ambassador to NATO, said it's wrong to subscribe to the notion that the military exists only to go out and kill people.

"You don't want to have to use the military," Buck said.

"You have the militaryso nobody has to go out and kill people because it acts as a deterrent. So arguing that investing in hard power means you have to use the hard power and the hard power way, I think, ignores the deterrent effect."

WATCH: NATO chief expects member nations to meet defence spending commitments

NATO secretary general expects 'all allies to make good' on defence spending commitments

3 months ago

Duration 1:41

Speaking in Ottawa, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said he will work to ensure that all allies meet the defence spending benchmark of two per cent of GDP, including Canada.

She said that while diplomacy is the first line of defence for any civilized nation, successive federal governments over the past two decades have not invested in foreign affairs to any great degree.

Andrew Rasiulis, a former senior official at the Department of National Defence (DND) who once ran the department's Directorate of Nuclear and Arms Control Policy, said areluctance to be seenemployinghard power is deeply rooted in the Canadian psyche.

"It's the Boy Scout thing," Rasiulis said. "It's what Liberals love, right? And it's their constituents who love that."

He said that while he's not entirely convinced the Liberal government is philosophically driven by the need to invest in defence, it clearly has putmore money into the military.

Rasiulis sees the reluctance to embrace the two per cent metric as pragmatic politics fora minority government something he doesn't believe would change if the government changes hands next year.

"It's butter before guns," he said, referring to the age-old political maxim that describes aneither-or relationship between defence and social spending.

"I'm not sure that the policy of the government would be radically different if the government were to change. You haven't heard [Conservative Leader] Pierre Pollievre pledged to do two per cent either," he said.

"They may have stronger words, like Conservatives generally do. And as we know, the Conservative recordssometimes fall short."