Unmasking of elderly U.S. spies shows there's no age limit on getting busted

The United States has busted some spies lately who are old enough to qualify for retirement benefits.

U.S. prosecutors recentlyannounced a guilty plea from Alexander Yuk Ching Ma, a septuagenarianformer Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) employeewho admitted to passing defence information to China.

That came a few months after Victor Manuel Rocha a 73-year-oldformer U.S. ambassador admitted to having acted as a long-term secret agent for Cuba.

Both casesinvolved elder baby boomers revealed to have donecovert work for foreign powers years earlier.

Detectinghostile spiesis a tricky business and can be a years-long process. But these cases and others that came before themdemonstrate that in America, there's no age limit onbeing held accountable for spying.

"There's no statute of limitations for espionage," confirms Pete Lapp, a retired FBI agent whose bookQueen of Cuba details the investigation into Ana Beln Montes, adefence analyst whospied for Havana for over 17 years.

A long surveillance

Ma worked for the CIA during the 1980s, but it was his post-agency life that caught authorities' attention.

Prosecutors say that back in 2001, Ma and an older relative a fellow former CIA employee who has since died accepted $50,000 US in cash for passing classified defence information to Chinese intelligence contacts.

Ma later sought a job with the FBI to "give himself access to U.S. government information," according to the criminal complaint filed against him. But prosecutors say he was allowed to be hired there so he could be watched. For unstated reasons, he wasn't arrested until 2020.

Ma, who is in his early 70s and lives in Honolulu, appears set to serve a 10-year sentenceunder a proposed plea deal.

The U.S. Attorney's Office in the District of Hawaii didn't respond to an email inquiry about howage may factor into Ma's sentencing. But Justice Departmentofficials previously signalledtheir determinationto vigorously pursue any such cases, even iftransgressions occurred long ago.

"Let it be knownthatanyone who violates a position of trust to betray the United States willface justice, no matter how many years it takes to bring their crimes to light," Alan E. Kohler Jr., a senior FBI counterintelligence official, said at the time of Ma's arrest.

Aging spies behind bars

Just three per cent of America's federal prison population is 65 or older, according to U.S. Federal Bureau of Prison statistics.

These include some caught-and-convicted spies, now among them being Rocha, who is startinga 15-year sentence.

Walter Kendall Myers, 87, is serving a life sentence for offences relating to spying for Cuba. The former U.S. State Department official has spent the majority of his retirement years behind bars, after being arrested in 2009.

WATCH | Aldrich Ames's arrest30 years ago:

The 1994 arrest of CIA double agent Aldrich Ames

4 months ago

Duration 2:27

In February 1994, Aldrich Ames, a veteran Central Intelligence Agency officer was arrested and charged with spying for the Soviet Union and Russia. Here's a look at what CBC viewers heard from reporter David Halton, on Prime Time News, after the story broke.

There are also other spies growing old in U.S. prisons octogenarianAldrich Ames, for one who were caught at younger ages, but who are spending their golden years imprisoned.

Kevin Patrick Mallory,a 67-year-oldformer CIA spy,is servinga 20-year sentence for passing secrets to China. He'd faced a life sentence, but a federal judge deemed that too harsh.

How identities can become known

Jack Barskyspent a decade spying for the Soviet Union, starting in the 1970s. He later cut ties with that life, but the former KGB agent has stayed in the U.S., where he lives today.

He sees three main ways a spy's activities might be discovered.

One scenario is that a person turns themselves in.

Another possibility is betrayal, which Barskyknows well: In 1992, aKGB archivist named Vasili Nikitich Mitrokhindefected to the West, bringingvolumes of information that included details about Barsky's existence.

A third possibility is what Barsky says amounts to a carelessness that emerges with time, which could expose long-servingspies to a risk of being identified.

"The longer somebody operates in this field, themore [there is]a tendencyto get sloppy," said Barsky, who admits that even he eventually cut corners on some of the time-consumingtradecraft involved with sending messages back to Moscow.

Rocha seems to have considered similar risks up until his arrest.According to court documents, he told an undercover FBI agent that "the only thing that can put what we have done in danger ... is someone's betrayal."

Lapp, the former FBI spy catcher, sees a characteristicthat Rocha and many other spiesshare a naivet that they won't get caught.

"I think you could argue committing espionage is pretty naive," said Lapp, noting participants in these crimesare either ignoring or minimizing the consequences of what they are doing.

In terms of how they typically get discovered, Lapp said there's a saying that explains it: "Spies catch spies."

Leaving the pastbehind

Across the pond, Britain has seen some headline-making spy scandals over the years including one involving a retired secretary nearly 25 years ago.

In September 1999, Melita Norwood, an 87-year-old pensioner and communist sympathizer,was publicly revealed to have spied for theSoviets for 40 years.

"I thought perhaps what I had access to might be useful in helping Russia to keep abreast of Britain, America and Germany," she told reporters when the news broke."In general, I do not agree with spying against one's country.''

Norwood was not prosecuted, in a controversial decision that drew criticism.

Her outing as a spy came as a result of the same trove of information thatMitrokhinthe KGB archivist whose disclosures led to Barsky's detection by U.S. authorities brought to the West.

Barsky, for his part, co-operated with American authorities, who approached him a few years after the Mitrokhindisclosures.

But Barksyadmits that"if I had not been betrayed by that archivist, I probably wouldn't be talking to you today."