How hate for Trump may have triumphed over love for Biden and Trump

When U.S. Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton ended her 2016 campaign at a rally in North Carolina, she recited a mantra the party believed would prove successful in defeating Donald Trump: "Love trumps hate."

Yet that slogan, in reverse, may have been a significant key to Trump's defeat in 2020.For it seems that a number of voters supporting Joe Biden may have been motivated more by their loathing for the current Republican presidentthan their passion for the Democratic candidate.

And while polls consistently showed voters for Donald Trump were more enthusiastic about their candidate than Biden voters were for theirs, in the end, opposition to Trump and his presidencymay have been just too strong a force to overcome.

"It's not that Democrats or people that voted for Biden didn't like him. They have a general favourable view. But it's hard to identifya lot of excitement about his candidacy," saidChristopher Borick,a political science professorand director of the Pennsylvania-based Muhlenberg College Institute of Public Opinion.

"The excitement came from the idea of getting rid of Donald Trump in the White House."

Or as Jason Whitlock, a sports writer, TV personality and radio host,recently said on Fox News,Trump supporters"love Donald Trump. Biden supporters hate Donald Trump.

"That is their energy source. It has nothing to do with Joe Biden."

When Rebecka Puza took a moment recently to explain why she was voting for Joe Biden, she made no mention of the soon-to-be U.S. president-elect. Her attention was squarely on his competition for the U.S. presidency.

"There'sno way I was voting for Trump," she said outside her home inKingston, Penn., just before the election."He's a terrible person. That's basically it."

Meanwhile, Morning Consult,a data intelligence company,conducted an open-ended onlinesurvey in which adults were given a blank space to answer the question:

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"Specifically, what is the one main issue you are concerned about when casting your vote for the 2020 presidential election?"

"Trump" appeared in roughly 14 per cent of all responses, more than any other word.

'Negative partisanship' on display

Politicalscientists talk about theconcept known as "negative partisanship," and what drives many voters is their anger toward the other side, rather than the deep commitment to their own side, Borick said.

"And in the case of Biden, it was on full display this cycle," he said.

Some exit polls suggested voters supportedBiden for reasons other than just personal loathingfor the president. For example, CBS exit polls found Biden was able to convince enough voters that he could better handle the coronavirus pandemic and that he had the right temperament for the job.

Steven Webster, an assistant political science professor at Indiana University, said voters weren't uniformlycasting a ballot against Trump.

Some voters did, in fact, like Bidenand cast an "affirmative" vote for him,said Webster,author of the book American Rage: How Anger Shapes Our Politics.

Still, early indications suggested that asignificant number of voters were motivated to get rid of Trump, he said.

"Ifyou're angry at someone, you're going to be really motivated to get off the sidelines, so to speak, and participate," Webstersaid. "And so I think what was a real driving force in this election was the anger that Democrats had for four-plus years now towardDonald Trump. I think that was crucial."

Still, Trump received more than 70 million votes, well above his nearly 63 million in 2016. But Biden, so far, is leading the popular vote, having received more than four million more than Trump.

And this was done after Biden ran the "least energetic and most idea-free campaignin modern history," wrote John Podhoretz, editor for the conservative magazineCommentary.

Biden ran unconventional campaign

Biden's campaign certainly wasn't conventional, with the candidate making fewer campaign stops than usualHis rallies didn't attract the crowds like those of Trump, in part as a deliberate safety measure because of the coronavirus.

However,Borick was skeptical that even without the restrictions, Biden would have been able to pull inthe kinds of passionate supporters found at Trump events.

"The idea that he'd have screaming mobs offans out there demonstrating their excitement for him wasn't in line with his candidacy, his approach," Borick said. "Inthe end, despite critics sayingthe absence of that would hurt him, the proof is in the pudding."

Instead, the campaign became areferendum about Donald Trump, Borick said.

Yet some Trump supporters were counting on that and were predicting the enthusiasm Trump's supporters had for the president would be key to a victory.

In an op-ed in the Washington Post back in July, Trumpcampaign manager Brad Parscale wrote that "the unprecedented enthusiasm behind the president's re-election efforts stoodin stark contrast to the flat, almost nonexistent enthusiasm for Biden."And that advantage, he said, was "the most important factor in the campaign."

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Trump'senthusiasm advantage

Polls consistently showed that Trump's supporters were much more enthusiasticabout their candidate than Biden voters. Some Trump supporters would arrive early in the morning at rallies scheduled in the evening, waiting all day just to ensure a spot at the event.

A Pew survey back in August found thatwhen it comes to how strongly voters were backing their chosen candidate, 66 per cent of Trump supporters saidthey were supporting himstrongly,while 46 per centof Biden supporters saidthe same for their candidate.

Trump supporters (30 per cent) were about twice as likely to saythey would be excited if their candidate won the 2020 election than Biden supporters (16 per cent) were for their own candidate, the survey found.

Borick's own survey of Pennsylvania in late Octoberfound that 82 per centof Trump supporters were very enthusiastic about their candidate, compared to 48 per cent for Biden.

Yet part of Trump's problem was that during his presidency, his approval rating had little variance, hoveringin the high 30s and low 40s because he had a base who loved him no matter what controversial action he took, Webster said.

"He had a whole swath of the country that didn't like him."

Indeed, Podhoretz for Commentary wrote that the electionwas "the most thoroughgoing repudiation of any national politician in the modern era, save perhaps Jimmy Carter."

While former U.S. presidents Ronald Reagan and George W. Bush were hated by millions, he said, both won re-election and neither generated a "massive counterforce that ended up driving them from office."

As well, the results of the election reveal no countrywide backlash against the Republican Party. The Senate could remain in Republican hands, depending on the election runoff in Georgia inJanuary. And despite gloomy predictions, Republicans made gains in the House of Representatives and in state legislatures.

Trump's"party flourished without him," Borick said."He is the glaring weakness."

"You don't have presidentslose and their partiesgain. That's just not the way it works."