Syria in crisis: News, photos and video about the conflict

Latest events: A UN official said on March 14 that the number of registered Syrian refugees has risen by more than 10 per cent in one week.

The number of refugees since the start of the war was said to have reached one million.

United Nations refugee agency chief, Antnio Guterres, said early in March thatthose numbers could increase by up to two or three timesby the end of the year.

Those who are part of the exodus are mostly fleeing to Lebanon, Iraq, Turkey, Egypt and North Africa.

The UN estimates that around 70,000 people have been killed as a result of the two-year conflict.

Displaced children

Overhalf of the four million people displayed because of the war in Syria are 18 years old or younger,a "lost generation"according to a March 12 report from UNICEF.

The report, titled Syrias Children: A Lost Generation, estimated that out of the two million displaced outside of Syria, children make up approximately 40 per cent, adding that current numbers are likely "much higher."

Also on March 12, a rocket attack near Damascuskilled a European Union adviser.

Ahmad Shihadeh, 32, a policy officer with the EU delegation in Syria, lived in the Damascus suburb of Daraya. Shihadehs death marked the first of an EU employee during the civil war.

The violence continued in March as Syrian warplanes bombed the northern city of Raqqa hours after rebels had reportedly taken it.

Twenty-oneUN peacekeepers were finally freedby rebels in southern Syria on March 9, after being held hostage for four days.

Somesaid the incident highlightedhow disorganized the rebel movement is and raised concerns about how the UN will operate in this area in the future.

On Feb. 24. Walid Musallem, Syria's foreign minister, saidthe government would be willing to talk with the opposition. That same day, rebels attacked a government complex near Aleppo.

It was reported that Bashar al-Assads forces fired missiles into residential areas of Aleppo, killing an estimated 141 people in what the Human Rights Watch called a "new low" for the regime.

Rebels claimedon Feb. 22 they were again the target of a rocket attack when three missiles landed in neighbourhoods in Aleppo.

On Jan. 14, anair attack by the Syrian militaryagainst rebel forcesstruck a houseoutside of Syria's capital, Damascus. Thirteen were killed in the suburb, including eight children, the Associated Press reported.

This attack followedanother on Jan. 13, when a government barrage killed 45 people in the Damascus area.

The attackswere considered some of the heaviest in the region since theSyrian governmentinitiated an offensive in November 2012 to try and remove rebels from the outskirts of Damascus.

On Jan. 13, a shell fired from Syrian military landed in an empty field in Turkey. No one was hurt, but last November,Turkey warned it would retaliateif attacked. In December,NATO announced it would deployPatriot missiles along Turkey's border with Syria in order to protectthe NATO allyfrom the conflict. The missiles are scheduled to become operational inlate January.

After not making any public appearances for six months, Syrian President Bashar al-Assadspoke to a Damascus audiencein early January, in which he outlined a peace place that would allow him to remain in power and continue to fight the rebels.

Also in early January, the United Nations' World Food Programme reportedit wasunable to help one million Syrianswho are going hungry.

The general who heads Syria's military police reportedly defected and joined the uprising against Assad's regime on Dec. 26, one of the highest-profilewalkouts by a serving security chief during the uprising, a pan-Arab TV station reported.

Opposition forces claim to have taken control of several strategic sites in recent weeks despite the use of heavier weapons by pro-Assad fighters, includingScud-type missiles, according to NATO Secretary-General Anders Fogh Rasmussen.

The opposition has also been gaining international support. In early December,U.S. President Barack Obama declared the country's main opposition groupthe sole "legitimate representative"ofthe country's people.

The National Coalition of the Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces was established at ameeting in Doha on Nov. 11, bringing together the vast majority of groupsthat have been calling for Assad to step aside. This marked a major turning point in the conflict.

Syrian opposition

Syrianopposition groups, inspired by revolutions in places such as Tunisia, Egypt and Yemen, began to hold protests in March 2011in cities likeDaraa, Homs, Hama and Latakia.

The oppositionhad beenfractured and comprises various groups.

The largest armed contingent is aloose affiliation of armed opponents of the regime anddefectors from the Syrian militarycalled the Free Syrian Army. Its leaders said Sept. 21 that they hadmoved their command centrefrom Turkey to Syria with the aim of uniting rebels and speeding up the fall of Assad's regime.

Casualtiesand refugees

Arising tide of civiliansfleeing Syria's violence is hitting four neighbouring countries Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq. More than 120,000 Syrians, mostly women and children, have sought refuge in Turkey since the start of the conflict.

The violence in Syria crosseda symbolic threshold on July 15, when the international Red Crossformally declared the conflict a civil war, a status with implications for potential war crimes prosecutions.

Many human rights groups say manyatrocities have been committed during the conflict.

A video circulated Nov. 2 appeared to showSyrian rebels killinga group of captured soldiers, spraying them with bullets as they lay on the ground. Human rights groups said the gunmen may have committed a war crime.

A report released Sept. 25by the U.K. charity Save the Children compiled first-hand accounts from Syrian refugee children who fled the war-torn country who say they weresubjected to atrocities. A UN report released June 11 includesSyrian government forces and their allied shabiha militiasfor the first time on a list of 52 governments and armed groups that recruit, kill or sexually attack children in armed conflicts.

[IMAGEGALLERY galleryid=3133 size=small]

Human Rights Watch said July 11 it had found evidence that the Syrian government hadfired cluster bombs. The Syrian government also faced allegations July 3 ofsystematic detainment and tortureof its citizens, in a report by the group Human Rights Watch based on more than 200 interviews with former detainees and defectors.

Political situation

Opposition forces have beentrying for monthsto oust Assad,a former ophthalmologistwho assumed the Syrian presidencyafter the death of his father, Hafez,in 2000.

TheAssad family has governed Syriasince 1971, when Hafez al-Assad seized power in a bloodless coup. The youngerAssad was thought to be more reform-minded than his father, but the brutal military response to the current uprising suggests that Bashar will do everything in hispower to maintain the status quo.

The ruling Baath Party promoted a socialist and Arab nationalist vision. Syria was seen primarily as a secular state where religious minorities were tolerated prior to the uprising,but the government did not tolerate dissent.

Quick facts

Population: 22,517,750 (July 2010 estimate)

Area: 185,180 sq. km

Borders: Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey

Languages: Arabic is the official language, but Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic and Circassian are widely used. French and English are used to a lesser extent.

Religion: 74 per cent Sunni Muslim; 16 per cent Alawite, Druze and other Muslim sects; 10 per cent Christian.

Government: Republic under authoritarian regime.

Source: CIA World Factbook 2010

The international community has pushed to end the ongoing violence.

The UN General Assemblyvoted overwhelminglyon Feb. 16, 2012,for a non-binding resolution backing an Arab League plan calling for Assad to step down and strongly condemning human rights violations by his regime.

Former UN secretary general KofiAnnanwas appointed the joint United Nations-Arab League envoy on the Syrian crisis on Feb. 23, 2012, with a mandate to bring an end to the violence and promote a peaceful political solution.

The UN Security Council has also been working on efforts to halt the ongoing civil unrest, but has remained deadlocked.

The council has attempted to push through threeWestern-backed resolutions aimed at pressuring Assad to enter negotiations on a political transition.Syrian allies Russia and China have vetoed these resolutions, paralyzing the UN's most powerful body.

Annan'speace plan never took hold and the work of UN monitors was stopped in the summer due to escalating violence. Annan stepped down from the post on Aug. 2.

Lakhdar Brahimi took over as UN envoy to Syria on Aug. 17. He has continued Annan's work to try and broker a peace deal, without success.

Internationalobservers

[IMAGEGALLERY galleryid=3115 size= small]

The UN sent a group of observers into Syria in April 2011 to monitor a five-day ceasefire as part of a six-point plan brokered by then-envoy Annan.

However, the truce never took hold, and most of the observers were confined to their hotels amid the escalating violence.

The Security Council decided Aug. 16 to let the UN monitoringmission's mandate expire, but said it will back a new civilian office to support the UN and the Arab League in their efforts to end the conflict that's killed more than 40,000 people.

As well, about 60observers from the Arab League were allowedinto Syriafrom Dec. 27, 2011, to Jan. 19, 2012, but were prevented from visiting many of the most troubled spots and from monitoring the situation independently. The CBC's Susan Ormistonreported from Damascuson Jan. 11, 2012,that,"there is a tension and conflict between the Syrian government and the Arab League monitors, and the opposition hasn't been very satisfied with their work, either."

TheLeaguewithdrew its monitorsfrom Syria on Jan. 28, 2012, because of the increasing violence and obstruction from the regime.

International fallout

The ongoing violence has sparked international outrage, prompting some nations to pull out their ambassadorsfrom Syriaand expel Syrian diplomats from within their borders.

On Feb. 6, the U.S. pulled its embassy staff from Damascus. The U.S. has alsoimposed sanctions, freezing all Syrian assets in theU.S. and banning the import of all Syrian petroleum and petroleum products.

Other countries, including those of theEuropean Union, have followed suit. The EU has placedsanctionson Syrian people andorganizations and has banned the import of Syrian crude oil. The sanctions include visa and travel bans, the freezing of assets, prohibitions on the purchase of gold, precious metals, diamonds and other types of trade and a banon cargo flights from EU countries to Syria.

International outrage against SyriaintensifiedonMay 29, 2012,as France, Britain, Germany, Italy, Spain, Canada and Australia expelled Syrian diplomats in response to a massacre of 108 civilians, including women and children,in the town of Houla. Witnesses blamed the house-to-house killings on pro-government militias known as shabiha. Turkey, Syria's neighbour and a former close ally, and Japanjoined the co-ordinated protest May 30.

Obama said Aug. 20 that the U.S. wouldreconsider its oppositionto military involvement in the civil war if Assad deploys or uses chemical or biological weapons.

[IMAGEGALLERY galleryid=2870 size=small]

Syriabarred a string of U.S. and European diplomatson June 5, saying they were "no longer welcome."Damascustook a "reciprocal measure" against ambassadors from the U.S., Britain, Turkey, Switzerland, Germany, Canada, Bulgaria, Belgium, France, Italy and Spain.

Syrian allies have also spoken out against the regime. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad said May 31 that those responsible for the massacre of more than 100 people in Houlashould be punished. It was an unusually harsh criticism from an ally of Syria.

A former ally of Syria,Turkeycondemned Assadon Dec. 22, 2011,for turning his country into a "bloodbath."On Nov. 15, 2011,Turkey called on the Syrian government to end the violence and added that it was cancelling oil exploration plans in the country. By October 2012, an estimated 100,000 Syrians had fled thefighting into Turkey, with more seekingrefuge in Lebanon.

[IMAGEGALLERY galleryid=3184 size=small]

TheArab Leagueapproved sanctions against Syriaon Dec. 3, 2011, barring several Syrian officials but not Assad fromtravelling to the League's member nations. The group also agreedto a list of strategic goods that would be exempted from a trade ban to avoid harming the Syrian people and also ordered a 50 per cent reduction in flights to Syria.

On Feb. 7, 2012, the six nations of the Gulf Co-operation Councilpulled their ambassadorsfrom Syria,because of Assad's refusal to accept Arab attempts to end the country's bloodshed.

Canada's reaction

Canadian Foreign Affairs Minister John Baird said Aug. 15, 2012,thatCanada has changed course and will not move forward with a plan to give $2 million to a Syrian-Canadian group for medical supplies.

Canadaclosed its embassyin Syria on March 5, 2012. Ithas imposed sanctions on Syria,including a ban on the export of software for the monitoring of telephone and internet communications, a travel banon those associated with the regime, freezing Syrian government assets and prohibiting most Canadian trade with Syria.